Verhaltensänderungen: Apps, die auf Android 16 oder höher ausgerichtet sind

Wie bei früheren Versionen enthält Android 16 Verhaltensänderungen, die sich auf Ihre App auswirken können. Die folgenden Verhaltensänderungen gelten ausschließlich für Apps, die auf Android 16 oder höher ausgerichtet sind. Wenn Ihre App auf Android 16 oder höher ausgerichtet ist, sollten Sie sie gegebenenfalls so anpassen, dass sie diese Verhaltensweisen unterstützt.

Sehen Sie sich auch die Liste der Verhaltensänderungen an, die sich auf alle Apps auswirken, die unter Android 16 ausgeführt werden, unabhängig vom targetSdkVersion Ihrer App.

User Experience und System-UI

Android 16 (API-Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen, die für eine einheitlichere, intuitive Nutzererfahrung sorgen sollen.

Deaktivierung von Edge-to-Edge-Anzeigen nicht mehr möglich

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

Migration oder Deaktivierung für die Funktion „Vorhersagende Zurück-Geste“ erforderlich

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

Elegant Font APIs eingestellt und deaktiviert

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

Hauptfunktion

Android 16 (API-Level 36) umfasst die folgenden Änderungen, die verschiedene Kernfunktionen des Android-Systems modifizieren oder erweitern.

Optimierung der Arbeitsplanung mit festem Tarif

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Formfaktoren von Geräten

Android 16 (API-Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen für Apps, die auf Geräten mit großen Bildschirmen angezeigt werden.

Adaptive Layouts

Android-Apps laufen jetzt auf einer Vielzahl von Geräten (z. B. Smartphones, Tablets, faltbare Geräte, Computer, Autos und Fernseher) und in verschiedenen Fenstermodi auf großen Bildschirmen (z. B. Split-Screen und Desktop-Fenster). Entwickler sollten Android-Apps entwickeln, die sich unabhängig von der Geräteausrichtung an jede Bildschirm- und Fenstergröße anpassen. Paradigmen wie die Einschränkung der Ausrichtung und Größenänderung sind in der heutigen Welt mit mehreren Geräten zu restriktiv.

Einschränkungen für Ausrichtung, Größenänderung und Seitenverhältnis ignorieren

Für Apps, die auf Android 16 (API-Level 36) ausgerichtet sind, enthält Android 16 Änderungen daran, wie das System Einschränkungen für Ausrichtung, Größenänderung und Seitenverhältnis verwaltet. Auf Displays mit einer Mindestbreite von 600 dp gelten die Einschränkungen nicht mehr. Apps füllen auch das gesamte Displayfenster aus, unabhängig vom Seitenverhältnis oder der bevorzugten Ausrichtung des Nutzers. Pillarboxing wird nicht verwendet.

Diese Änderung führt zu einem neuen Standardverhalten der Plattform. Android entwickelt sich zu einem Modell, bei dem Apps an verschiedene Ausrichtungen, Displaygrößen und Seitenverhältnisse angepasst werden müssen. Einschränkungen wie eine feste Ausrichtung oder eine begrenzte Anpassungsfähigkeit der Größe beeinträchtigen die Anpassungsfähigkeit von Apps. Wir empfehlen daher, Ihre App anpassungsfähig zu machen, um die bestmögliche Nutzererfahrung zu bieten.

Sie können dieses Verhalten auch mit dem App-Kompatibilitäts-Framework testen und das Kompatibilitäts-Flag UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT aktivieren.

Häufige wichtige Änderungen

Wenn Sie die Einschränkungen für Ausrichtung, Anpassbarkeit und Seitenverhältnis ignorieren, kann sich das auf die Benutzeroberfläche Ihrer App auf einigen Geräten auswirken, insbesondere auf Elemente, die für kleine Layouts im Hochformat entwickelt wurden. Beispiele sind gestreckte Layouts sowie Animationen und Komponenten, die nicht auf dem Bildschirm angezeigt werden. Annahmen zum Seitenverhältnis oder zur Ausrichtung können zu visuellen Problemen in Ihrer App führen. Weitere Informationen dazu, wie Sie diese Probleme vermeiden und das adaptive Verhalten Ihrer App verbessern können.

Wenn Sie die Geräteausrichtung zulassen, wird die Aktivität häufiger neu erstellt. Das kann dazu führen, dass der Nutzerstatus verloren geht, wenn er nicht richtig beibehalten wird. Informationen zum korrekten Speichern des UI-Zustands finden Sie unter UI-Zustände speichern.

Details zur Implementierung

Die folgenden Manifestattribute und Laufzeit-APIs werden auf Geräten mit großem Display im Vollbild- und Mehrfenstermodus ignoriert:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

Die folgenden Werte für screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation() und getRequestedOrientation() werden ignoriert:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Die Größenanpassung des Displays wird durch android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio und android:maxAspectRatio nicht beeinflusst.

Bei Apps, die auf Android 16 (API-Level 36) ausgerichtet sind, werden die Ausrichtung, die Anpassbarkeit der Größe und die Einschränkungen des Seitenverhältnisses auf großen Bildschirmen standardmäßig ignoriert. Jede App, die noch nicht vollständig bereit ist, kann dieses Verhalten jedoch vorübergehend überschreiben, indem sie die Funktion deaktiviert. Dadurch wird das vorherige Verhalten wiederhergestellt, bei dem die App in den Kompatibilitätsmodus versetzt wird.

Ausnahmen

Die Einschränkungen für Ausrichtung, Größenänderung und Seitenverhältnis unter Android 16 gelten in den folgenden Situationen nicht:

• Spiele (basierend auf der Flagge android:appCategory)
• Nutzer, die das Standardverhalten der App in den Einstellungen für das Seitenverhältnis des Geräts explizit aktivieren
• Bildschirme, die kleiner als sw600dp sind

Vorübergehend deaktivieren

Wenn Sie eine bestimmte Aktivität deaktivieren möchten, deklarieren Sie die Manifest-Eigenschaft PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

Wenn zu viele Teile Ihrer App nicht für Android 16 bereit sind, können Sie die Funktion vollständig deaktivieren, indem Sie dieselbe Property auf Anwendungsebene anwenden:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Gesundheit und Fitness

Android 16 (API-Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen in Bezug auf Gesundheits- und Fitnessdaten.

Berechtigungen für Gesundheit und Fitness

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Konnektivität

Android 16 (API-Level 36) enthält die folgenden Änderungen am Bluetooth-Stack, um die Verbindung mit Peripheriegeräten zu verbessern.

Neue Intents für den Umgang mit Verlust der Bindung und Änderungen bei der Verschlüsselung

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

Neue Möglichkeit zum Entfernen einer Bluetooth-Verbindung

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Sicherheit

Android 16 (API-Level 36) enthält die folgenden Sicherheitsänderungen.

Sperrung der MediaStore-Version

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Sicherere Intents

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

GPU-Syscall-Filterung

To harden the Mali GPU surface, Mali GPU IOCTLs that have been deprecated or are intended solely for GPU development have been blocked in production builds. Additionally, IOCTLs used for GPU profiling have been restricted to the shell process or debuggable applications. Refer to the SAC update for more details on the platform-level policy.

This change takes place on Pixel devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). Arm has provided official categorization of their IOCTLs in Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst of their r54p2 release. This list will continue to be maintained in future driver releases.

This change does not impact supported graphics APIs (including Vulkan and OpenGL), and is not expected to impact developers or existing applications. GPU profiling tools such as the Streamline Performance Analyzer and the Android GPU Inspector won't be affected.

Testing

If you see a SELinux denial similar to the following, it is likely your application has been impacted by this change:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

If your application needs to use blocked IOCTLs, please file a bug and assign it to android-partner-security@google.com.

FAQ

1. Does this policy change apply to all OEMs? This change will be opt-in, but available to any OEMs who would like to use this hardening method. Instructions for implementing the change can be found in the implementation documentation.

2. Is it mandatory to make changes in the OEM codebase to implement this, or does it come with a new AOSP release by default? The platform-level change will come with a new AOSP release by default. Vendors may opt-in to this change in their codebase if they would like to apply it.

3. Are SoCs responsible for keeping the IOCTL list up to date? For example, if my device uses an ARM Mali GPU, would I need to reach out to ARM for any of the changes? Individual SoCs must update their IOCTL lists per device upon driver release. For example, ARM will update their published IOCTL list upon driver updates. However, OEMs should make sure that they incorporate the updates in their SEPolicy, and add any selected custom IOCTLs to the lists as needed.

4. Does this change apply to all Pixel in-market devices automatically, or is a user action required to toggle something to apply this change? This change applies to all Pixel in-market devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). No user action is required to apply this change.

5. Will use of this policy impact the performance of the kernel driver? This policy was tested on the Mali GPU using GFXBench, and no measurable change to GPU performance was observed.

6. Is it necessary for the IOCTL list to align with the current userspace and kernel driver versions? Yes, the list of allowed IOCTLs must be synchronized with the IOCTLs supported by both the userspace and kernel drivers. If the IOCTLs in the user space or kernel driver are updated, the SEPolicy IOCTL list must be updated to match.

7. ARM has categorized IOCTLs as 'restricted' / 'instrumentation', but we want to use some of them in production use-cases, and/or deny others. Individual OEMs/SoCs are responsible for deciding on how to categorize the IOCTLs they use, based on the configuration of their userspace Mali libraries. ARM's list can be used to help decide on these, but each OEM/SoC's use-case may be different.

Datenschutz

Android 16 (API-Level 36) umfasst die folgenden Änderungen in Bezug auf den Datenschutz.

Berechtigung für das lokale Netzwerk

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

App-eigene Fotos

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.